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What are the recommended black hole information paradox resolutions for the table?

Dec 22,2025
Abstract: Explore top solutions to the black hole information paradox, including the firewall, fuzzball, and AdS/CFT proposals. Understand how quantum gravity may preserve information.

The black hole information paradox presents a fundamental conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity. When matter falls into a black hole, it appears to be lost forever upon the hole's eventual evaporation via Hawking radiation, violating quantum mechanics' principle of unitarity—that information must be preserved. Several compelling resolutions have been proposed for the scientific table.

One prominent idea is the Firewall Paradox. It suggests a literal wall of high-energy particles exists at the event horizon, destroying infalling information and protecting exterior physics, though it challenges Einstein's equivalence principle.

The Fuzzball Resolution, from string theory, posits that black holes are not smooth horizons but tangled "fuzzballs" of strings. Information is stored in the complex surface structure and is gradually released with radiation, avoiding a paradox.

The AdS/CFT Correspondence, a holographic duality, implies all events within a black hole are encoded on its boundary. Information never truly enters the black hole but is projected onto its surface, remaining preserved in the evaporation process.

The ER=EPR Conjecture intriguingly links entanglement (EPR) with wormholes (ER). It proposes entangled particles are connected by microscopic bridges, meaning information falling in may be transmitted through spacetime geometry to outgoing radiation.

Finally, Remnant Theories suggest stable, information-rich remnants of Planck-scale size remain after evaporation. While logically consistent, they face challenges regarding infinite possible states.

Each resolution offers a unique window into quantum gravity, suggesting our classical picture of black holes is incomplete. The true answer likely lies in a theory unifying quantum mechanics with spacetime geometry.

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