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How does concrete resist spalling?
Concrete spalling, the flaking or breaking of surface layers, is a common issue under extreme conditions like fire or freeze-thaw cycles. However, concrete inherently resists spalling through several mechanisms:
1. Material Composition: High-quality concrete mixes with low water-cement ratios and supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., fly ash or silica fume) reduce porosity, minimizing moisture penetration and spalling risks.
2. Fire Resistance: Concrete’s non-combustible nature and slow heat transfer protect embedded steel reinforcements, preventing rapid temperature-induced spalling.
3. Polypropylene Fibers: Adding these fibers melts under high heat, creating micro-channels that release steam pressure, reducing explosive spalling.
4. Proper Curing: Adequate curing ensures hydration, strengthening the concrete matrix and improving resistance to environmental stressors.
5. Protective Coatings: Fireproof or waterproof coatings shield concrete surfaces from direct thermal or chemical exposure.
By optimizing mix design and preventive measures, concrete maintains structural integrity even under harsh conditions.
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